Essay on Taking Our Freedom for Granted - 1107 Words

Taking Our Freedom for Granted Our country was founded on the idea of freedom: freedom from a king, freedom to believe in whatever one wants to believe in and freedom to openly express these beliefs with others. Through careful examination of what the authors during this period of history were expressing, I have found a greater respect for our freedoms. Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine are all familiar names to high school students in the United States. However, their principles are not familiar and I was shocked to learn that I had not previously read a majority of the works these men created to provide a foundation for our country’s belief system. Due to these works, I realize how much I have taken our†¦show more content†¦Paine believed this to be vital: â€Å"But it be necessary to the happiness of man, that he be mentally faithful to himself† (644). Something in Paine’s words, â€Å"My own mind is my own church† (643) really struck me. Going to church doesn’t mean anything unless I know what I feel and believe inside my own mind and body. The church is not the final word on how I have lived my life; the only one judging my actions that matters is God. Paine wrote, â€Å"All national institutions of churches†¦appear to me no other than human inventions set up to terrify and enslave mankind, and monopolize power and profit† (644). While my view of church is not nearly as harsh as Paine’s, I agree that churches have their own agendas and priorities that don’t always focus on each individual’s religious journey. While churches are beneficial to some, helping them focus and hone in on what exactly they believe and therefore how they want to live as a representation of that, for others the church is too confining and hypocritical. How does the preacher really know that what he is t eaching is correct? And so I agree with Paine once again when he wrote: â€Å"I believe in the equality of man, and I believe that religious duties consist in doing justice, loving mercy, and endeavoring to make our fellow–creatures happy† (643). There is no need for one religion as long as all men agree to the same principles: live life toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Taking Things for Granted1479 Words   |  6 Pagesbeings have an absolute and infinite capacity for taking things for granted.† (Aldous Huxley) Young adults take things for granted: basic things, simple things, everything. Wasting food, not realizing what freedom means, not valuing education, and using up any readily available resources, has become a part of the daily routine without anyone realizing it. A rising problem amongst our age bracket today is young adults take what they have for granted, not realizing the long term consequences of theirRead MoreFreedom : Freedom Of Speech And Freedom Of Speech1167 Words   |  5 Pagesdetermining how much freedom the citizens in a society has. Throughout history we have seen many different type of governments that include North Koreas’ dictatorship to the United States that has a government based on principles of democracy. In societies that have democratic governments such as the United States, England, France, and many other western European countries, the citizens have a high degree of freedom of speech. In addition, these people are allo wed to have a high degree of freedom of thoughtRead MoreJunk Food Tax1104 Words   |  5 PagesJunk Food Tax The current issue of junk food consumption and the overall obesity battle in America continues to plague our nation. The suggestion to counteract this problem is the implementation of a â€Å"junk tax†. ProQuest states that, â€Å"’junk food tax’ refers to a tax placed upon fattening foods or beverages† (Par. 1). The intention of the tax is to minimize the consumption of unhealthy foods, which would expectantly lead to a healthier population. A junk food tax would also generate revenue for causesRead MoreA life without Freedom in Kate Chopin ´s The Story of an Hour Essay examples849 Words   |  4 Pageslife without freedom is no life at all. In the story, a nineteenth century women named Mrs. Mallard finds out about her husband’s death. She has heart disease so Josephine, Mrs. Mallard’s sister, tries to break the bad news to her as calmly as possible. After hearing the news, Mrs. Mallard’s unpredictable reaction shocks us the reade rs as well as the characters in the story. Instead of feeling the sorrow of her husband’s death, she feels the joy of freedom from him as well. Freedom is somethingRead MoreFlag Desecration Amendment1317 Words   |  6 PagesReview One| Flag Desecration Amendment| Dr. Karen Waugh| Jamorion Stanford| 9/17/2012| Flag Desecration The American flag is one of the most recognizable symbols this country has today. As children, we learn in school to cross our heart with our right hand and recite the pledge of allegiance to the United States of America, while facing the flag, a beloved symbol. As a soldier in the United States Army, I proudly wear a flag as a part of my Army Combat Uniform (ACU). It is worn byRead MoreThe Progression of Civil Rights in the USA Essay657 Words   |  3 Pageslocation. When looking back at our history our civil rights have changed our life forever. Our civil rights were first introduced in 1787 as our Constitution. The Constitution states that any citizen is guaranteed the right to freedom of speech, of religion, and of press, and the rights to due process of law and to equal protection under the law. Civil Rights Acts and Movements helped define all of the civil rights but mainly who the rights were for and what freedom of religion, and equal protectionRead MoreVoter Awareness839 Words   |  4 Pagesshould have the same opportunity as the strongest (The Free Dictionary, 2010, p2). Ghandi s struggle for freedom in India resulted in self-rule being granted to the people. We sing about freedom in our national anthem and we talk about it in everyday life. We fly our flag with pride and take advantage of the rights and freedoms that our country offers us. We must now walk proudly beside our fellow non indigenous Australians to carve out a new future that is equitable for all. Why is it importantRead MoreBill of Rights1025 Words   |  5 PagesBill of Rights Amendments Paper Intro The United States is a country that was founded on the principle of freedom; it took the Bill of Rights to be added to the Constitution to guarantee citizens freedom. The Bill of Rights consists of the first ten amendments in the constitution; a document that outlines how the new American government would be created and operated. The Constitution was ratified in 1788 which was the start of protecting the interests of each citizen, two years later theRead MoreSpeech On Freedom Of Speech1484 Words   |  6 Pages Abby Koopmann Ethics Freedom of Speech Professor Hunt Culver Stockton College Freedom of Speech Americans have many freedoms that people in other countries can only wish they had. Just imagine a life where you could possibly be killed for speaking your mind and stating your opinion, other countries are living lives like that. According to Katy Davis, The United States ratified the first amendment on December 15th 1791 (Davis, n.d). We as a country don’t know where the governmentRead MoreFreedom Of Speech And The Right Of Bear Arms855 Words   |  4 Pagesmodern western society, we have rights, such as freedom of speech, and in some countries, the right to bear arms. In response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks, Netanyahu argues that these rights are not universal to everybody. We need to set limits as to how far these rights can take us and suspend these rights for some people, because not everybody deserves to be granted these rights. At times when we are under threat from terrorism, we need to reduce freedom of speech and the second amendment in order

The Future of Computer Science Essay - 946 Words

The Future of Computer Science Computer Science, Software Engineering and Information Systems are international qualifications, enabling people to work globally, and in a very broad variety of roles. There is steady growth in demand for technically adept and flexible IT graduates. Declining student enrollment, while growth continues in law, medicine, biology, economics, and business; the decline among women is particularly alarming (Klawe and Shneiderman 27). Computer science is now a part of everyone’s daily life through the innovations and technologies it enables. From transforming health care to enabling a more robust national defense, computer science is on the forefront of discovery, driving economic growth and transforming our†¦show more content†¦As a government, it requires its ability and being able to express the reality completely for all people. They should release the power from the previous level supervising authority and verify the lawful financial information. Ideally, this sugg estion can avoid the financial crisis based on the failure of credit department. From research and development investors’ point of view, even though the U.S. fiscal deficits year after year, but research funding has continued to increase (28). Nowadays, the financial crisis has got more severed. Thinking of the investment banks have performed the significantly technical positions in the financial history. Banks help raising money for the new company, and the product that they buy is raising comprehension of investors interest in technology companies. Despite of the global financial depression, high-tech industries’ profits are still rising. As we live in the 21st century, development of science and technology grow very quickly. As far as I have known the field of computer application continuously expanding, and the rapid development of science and technology. It has become necessary in various areas of the goods. Perhaps in the near future, we carry the computers, cell phones and other digital products is not the way with the hands in pocket. Lohr claims that computer science is â€Å"youngShow MoreRelatedComputer Science : The Major Of The Future984 Words   |  4 PagesMarissa Tavano English Composition II Bryan Buttler 25 July 2015 Computer Science: The Major of the Future Want a career field where jobs are always in demand? The need for those with computer science skills isn’t just limited to computer science jobs; it spreads across many different career fields. Computers are prevalent in almost every industry including, but not limited to: healthcare, retail, construction and financial services. They are everywhere: in homes, businesses, cars, and almost everyRead MoreMy Future in the Field of Computer Science909 Words   |  4 Pagesmy first computer. I was elated, and since I was learning the basics in high school I opened command prompt and executed a simple command to practice for a test. Eventually I started using the computer for making presentations, research on several projects. During my vacations, I completed a course in basic web-designing and MS-Office. I found that the more I learnt, the more my zeal and passion for Computers increased. I decided that my future has to be in the field of Computer Science. â€Å"A journeyRead MoreCloud Computing And Computer Science Of The Future1798 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION Cloud computing, has opened a new potentiality for technology and computer science of the future. In recent years, IT industry has completely evolved from its demand for the purchase of software, hardware and information systems. Information architecture is provided these days as a service, which is divided into three main segments: Applications, Platform and Infrastructure†. The main goal of cloud computing is to provide users with a more flexible and scalable computing applicationsRead MoreComputer Science Is A Meaningful Life999 Words   |  4 PagesComputer science promotes a meaningful life. Computer science means the principles and use of computer. It not only limits there because computer science defines mathematics everyday life. The author argues the effect of computer science at all over our curriculum in high school. This is important because computer science compels students to create problem to solving thus engage them more into work, especially mathematics. Compu ter science motivates work in mathematics as it relates to each otherRead MoreThe Impact Of Computer Science Education On The Curriculum1017 Words   |  5 PagesAtchison, Williams F.. â€Å"The impact of computer science education on the curriculum†. The Mathematics Teacher 66.1 (1973): 7–83. Computer science promotes a meaningful life. Computer science means the principles and use of computer. It not only limits there because computer science defines mathematics everyday life. The author argues the effect of computer science at all over our curriculum in high school. This is important because computer science compels students to create problem to solving thusRead MoreComputer Science And Its Impact On The World1200 Words   |  5 Pagestrading partners still counting cows and amphorae by hand†(science festival).Since then computing has taken great strides and became a fundamental part of our lives. Today, we use computer science products in everything we do from just turning on the washing machine, cell phones, televisions or just driving. With all that computer scientist know today, there are still claims that its just the tip of the iceberg. However, the importance of computer scientist today is undeniable, whether it is in animationRead MoreComputer Science Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, and Mark Zuckerberg. These three men all have one thing800 Words   |  4 PagesComputer Science Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, and Mark Zuckerberg. These three men all have one thing in common, they became very wealthy from investing in the future of computers. A person may decide to go to college and make a career out of working with computers because of the potential earnings and consistent need of individuals who have studied computer sciences. This paper is going to inform you on what an individual does with a Computer Science degree, education needed to work in this field,Read MoreComputer Science And Its First Leap Out Of Mathematics1080 Words   |  5 PagesMath. Computer Science is a relatively new field compared to others such as Math, Communication, Philosophy, etc. Computer Science could be boiled down to â€Å"The study of how to compute†. In this way of looking at the field, you can see how it originated from people’s desires to compute faster and more complex problems. This desire led us to the abacus, mechanical calculators, and eventually to the comput er. Computer science today is the theory, design and application of computers. Today computer scientistsRead MoreComputer Science As A Computer Programmer1645 Words   |  7 Pages For many years, I have been interested in studying computer science to become a computer programmer. Since I moved to the United States, my passion for computing developed while I was trying to find something to do keep myself busy after losing the freedom I had in my country as a child. My parents always said that I m addicted to my computer but what they never understood was why my computer was my best friend. Curiosity is the main reason. I ve always wondered how the internet is operatedRead MoreTheoretical And Conceptual Of Computer Science1528 Words   |  7 PagesKnowledge in Computer Science Computer Science is not just the study of computer software and computational problems. It comprises the investigation of imitation and natural manifestations. The fundamental studies in this field are: computer system, artificial intelligence, data base system, programming languages, networks, software engineering, human computer interaction, graphs, and bioinformatics and computing theories. Even though, computer programming is a principal part of computer science, it is

Traveling for Education Free Essays

Abstract Due to the miserable situations of Lebanese students and their long years of suffering from the bad educating services and due to the absence of responsibility toward university students and the difficulty of finding jobs. The researcher in this paper shows the attention to this problem. TRAVELLING FOR EDUCATION Traveling For Education It was become a fashion trend that more and more people choose to go abroad to study. We will write a custom essay sample on Traveling for Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some people think it is great experience while on the country , some others think it is not good at all! Despite of the importance of studying abroad and the presence of scientist that have raised Lebanon’s name abroad , there are still oppositions to the views of this idea that prefer to stay in Lebanon despite of all its problems that they suffer from . Students in Lebanon should study outside for many reasons. General atmosphere is not suitable to study in Lebanon on all levels. The lack of raw materials in Lebanon led to the weakness of electricity and this case does not fit college student who needs a convenient means for study and research. In addition to the electricity obstacle we  notice the non-existence of laboratories, libraries and research centers, the state does not give an adequate attention to this deficiency, which leads for big effort toward the college student . For example , there is only one public library that opened new in Nabtieh † centre de lecture et d’animation culturelle † beside the red cross and it does not have the media support to be a know place to come to it. In addition to all problems that Lebanese students face we have an initial problem by students that is the lack of comfort in government universities , and when they resort TRAVELLING FOR EDUCATION to private universities that are more comfortable with all they need for studying they will be shocked by the high cost that they can’t afford which lead them to depression , and we will not forget the non-support for the best students that government must appreciate and have a look for them. Going abroad to study means far more than learning. The book† Intercultural journeys from study to residence abroad † ( Jackson , 1954) talk about this issue. This book focuses on the actual experiences of college students who travelled from their homes to foreign lands, the author  explores the linkage between intercultural awareness and sensitivity , language development , and identity reconstruction in young adult college learners. Generally, the first thing you need to do is to survive in a foreign nation. Where to find a place to live? How to deal with transportation? How to cook food? All these are the things you have to think and depend on yourself. Students who study abroad have to take care of themselves, and these questions are used the Lebanese students who don’t want to travel abroad. Without parents, you can learn how to arrange their  own issues and do everything by yourself better. This is what we call independent awareness. Studying abroad cultivate your independent awareness and capability of taking care yourself. It is TRAVELLING FOR EDUCATION always a tough time when living in a country that is totally new to you and facing all kinds problems. One you overcome them , you get the ability to live on your own. This is great, when the people of your age still enjoying their lives under the protection of their families, you begin to experience life. We take this factor as the most important advantage as it teaches you the basic ability to live your life. No one but yourself can teach you this! Everyone needs to be enriched with more experience and be more mature. Studying abroad means you set yourself into a circumstance that is totally different to you. You can enjoy a new culture all by yourself: people’s thoughts and behaviors and the way people live are the first-hand to you , is not this great ? Cultural differences are more than just differences in language, food, appearances, culture and personal habits. A person’s reflects very deep perceptions, beliefs, and values that influence his or her way of life and the way that he or she views the world. Students who experience cultural differences personally can come to truly understand where other cultures are coming from. You can greatly increase your adaptability to what we call the † Global Village† in your potential career ( Dixon , 2009 ). Only knowing cultural difference is not enough, studying abroad has a lot more to explore! seeing the beautiful sceneries of a nation, volunteering TRAVELLING FOR EDUCATION  in social work and communicating with local people are all up to you. By studying abroad you know more about the world, no matter academically or physically. Knowing more a and experiencing more help you think rationally and behave maturely. The things above are the most important and valuable advantages we can think of. And of course there are much more that hat we mentioned , learning and mastering a new manage or having the chance to travel may also be the advantages that attract you. Do not hesitate, going abroad to study do offer you great improvement! TRAVELLING FOR EDUCATION How to cite Traveling for Education, Papers

Character Sketch Sample free essay sample

Sample character sketch my friend Liz. My friend Liz is the most amazing friend anybody could ask for. We’ve been through so much together, we’re basically like sisters. We met on the first day of school in sixth grade, both of us terrified by the massive size of the middle school. She had the locker right above mine. I told her I didn’t know anybody in our class and she said â€Å"You do now. † We’ve been friends ever since. Most boys think Liz is cute. She has long red hair, cascading over her shoulders. will writing service glasgow She laughs about everything and when she does, you see about a hundred white teeth – so bright, you almost need sunglasses. When she laughs, her eyes grow wide, glowing emerald green. Liz likes to dress kind of skater-ish, in camouflage pants, sweatshirts, and wristbands. But, she’s unpredictable, too. We will write a custom essay sample on Character Sketch Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sometimes she’ll wear overalls or a fancy dress. She must have three closets full of clothes, because she barely ever wears the same outfit twice. Liz is the most lively, animated character I’ve ever known. She’s always rushing around, trying to get the latest scoop on everybody. It’s like she’s in the FBI. Right before she shares important news, Liz tosses back her hair, takes a deep breath, and quickly looks side to side, to be sure the coast is clear. She never says anything mean about people, she just wants to know what’s going on. She always supports me in everything I want to do. Not many girls in our group of friends play sports, but when I told Liz I wanted to go out for basketball, she said â€Å"Go for it. † Now, she comes to see almost every game I play and cheer me on. Not only is Liz a tremendous supporter, she also trusts me to give her my honest opinion and to say what I feel. Last year, she thought Mrs. Jones gave her a lower math grade than she deserved. I told her the truth – that Liz handed everything in late and what did she expect? Next marking period, Liz got her work in on time, and pulled off an A-. Thanks to me, she said. Liz is a wonderful listener. She lets me tell her all my problems and she never diminishes the importance of my worries. I can tell she’s really listening, too, because she looks directly in my eyes the whole time, like she’s trying to see inside my head and figure me out. We don’t always agree on everything, and sometimes we even fight like sisters. But, in the end, we always stick together. Writing a CHARACTER SKETCH can you draw your friend IN WORDS? Writers need to describe people believably and realistically. They need to describe characters in such detail readers can actually feel they know them. A character sketch is a way to put people on paper. It goes beyond just describing a person’s physical characteristics. Character sketches are most effective when they reveal â€Å"telling† details that capture the essence of someone’s personality. ?You are going to write a character sketch for someone you know. It could be a friend, family member, or anybody you know well. Here’s a list of things to include in your character sketch: †¢ opening – introduce the topic (your friend) †¢ explain how you met, or where you know each other from †¢ give a physical description – appearance, clothes, voice, habits, mannerisms, etc. †¢ personality trait #1, and supporting evidence †¢ personality trait #2, and supporting evidence †¢ personality trait #3, and supporting evidence †¢ closing comment – try to reconnect to your opening You do not have to follow this exact order, but your character sketch does need to include all these parts. TIP: Think about your friend in vivid detail. What color are her eyes? What kind of clothes does she favor? What kind of shoes? How is her hair cut and styled? Dig deeper. How does he talk? Fast, slow, soft? What nervous habits does he have? What does he daydream about? What music does he like? What sports? What subjects in school? These details can say a lot about personality.

Im Scrooges old business partner and best friend Essay Example

Im Scrooges old business partner and best friend Paper This is the ghost of Marley; Im Scrooges old business partner and best friend. I am here on this particular day partly as it was the night of my death seven years ago but I am really here as I have a chance to tell and warn Scrooge that hes heading down a bad road and that hes living a selfish, horrible and wicked life. If hes does not change he will condemned to wander for eternity and witness what he cannot share. I knew Scrooge well as he was my best and only friend and he was my business partner. We had a lot in common. We were selfish and greedy with no feelings for the poor or needy. We just wanted more and more money. We may have been rich but we were certainly poor in sprit and no joy in us. Yes, Old Scrooge is definitely a humbug but he was still my best friend. Earlier this day Scrooges nephew arrived and wished scrooge a merry Christmas and surprise, surprise Scrooges reaction was Bah! Humbug. His nephew thought he didnt mean that but then Scrooge said to him What right have you to be merry, youre poor enough. I cannot believe he said such a thing to his nephew, he treats his family no better then other people. We will write a custom essay sample on Im Scrooges old business partner and best friend specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Im Scrooges old business partner and best friend specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Im Scrooges old business partner and best friend specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Scrooge assumed that his nephew was just there to visit him for a present of some sort like money but in reality he only wanted to catch up on scrooge and hear whats been happening in his life? Basically he wanted to be a friend. Scrooge was having none of it has he is a selfish unsociable man. While his nephew walked out the clerk accidentally let two gentlemen in. These gentlemen where calling as they knew Scrooge was well off and would definitely be able to spare some money for the needy and poor. When they entered they asked if they could speak to either Scrooge or Marley. Scrooge replied saying that Marley had died seven years ago this night. The two gentlemen answered saying that they had no doubt that his liberality was well represented in his surviving partner. I can definitely say that that statement is true as I am nearly as mean and selfish as Scrooge himself. The gentlemen asked if he would like to make some slight provision for poor and needy, but Scrooge replied that he didnt make himself merry at Christmas and he couldnt afford to make idle people merry either, He also said that he paid taxes anyway and they provided funds for the workhouses and jails. My heart sunk when I saw how selfish and greedy he is as I knew thats what I used to be like as well. Outside of Scrooges workplace the fog and darkness was really thick and impenetrable. I am stating this as I think this reflects Scrooges character as he is selfish, greedy and mean man and he has no consideration for others. He does not even consider his workers and he very unwillingly gave Bob Cratchit, his personal assistant the day off for Christmas, complaining that he was getting paid for not working. When you look at Scrooges financial state and Bobs financial state, it is terrible to think that Scrooge couldnt just spare him Christmas off without any fuss. Scrooge yet again headed home after another day of work to his lonely old house where he would have his dinner by himself once again. But let me tell you he will have company during tonights dinner as I am going to visit him this very night. I follow him home as he leaves his office and I see the house I once shared with him. Oh the memories I have of that house are still coming back to me now. I decide to give him a wake up call; a wee shock I make my face appear on his doorknocker thinking this will give him a fright. It doesnt really seem to work as he just opens door and walks in to his house. It is quite funny to see him look behind door to see if my pony tail is coming out from the back of the doorknocker. When he slams door closed I make a lot of scary noises like thunder and lighting. But Scrooge doesnt seem to be scared by echoes or thunder. I think to my self how ungrateful he is and I start to get quite serious but I do realise that he has double locked his door which is unusual for him so I know he is getting slightly scared. But Scrooge just forgets about it and goes to count his money by the fire. I just look at him with a forgiving heart. All I want to do is to help him, you must remember that. So I make my face appear on the fire tiles but he just says Humbug , the way he always does. He then glances at the disused bell at the corner of the room. Nows my chance I make it ring. He is astonished to see it move. I then make my way up from the cellar into his room, unlocking the door. I have big heavy chains around me with boxes on them and as I walk up the stairs I sound like an elephant. This is because the chains are so big and heavy. This I think will definitely work but again Scrooge just shouts Humbug and assumes he is hearing things. I cant take this anymore so I go up to him in person as a ghost obviously. I myself look just like I did on the day I died except for the heavy chains on me and a bandage round my head. These bandages were shoved on around your head to keep your jaws closed in coffins. I despised them so much. Scrooge is shocked to see me and shocked that you look the same as I did seven years ago when I where alive. However Scrooge still refuses to acknowledge that you are real and not is imagination. He blames the fact that he sees you on something he ate that day. I tell him why Im here but Scrooge cant understand so I start to describe my wasted life to him and how I regret it so much and I say to him again that Im here to offer him a chance to change his fate of having to wonder eternity like me and carry these heavy chains on his body. Before I leave I warn Scrooge that there will be another three spirits which will visit you tonight. I leave him wondering about what he has just seen, hoping that he will change his self-centred life and not have to spend eternity like me. Personally however I think Scrooge is too much like me and will forget my visit and keep living a life of selfishness like I did.

Greg Knox - Inventor essays

Greg Knox - Inventor essays Heroes and role models influence lives everywhere, often without even knowing it. Celebrities, relatives, friends; even book characters impact teens lives, leading to better choices and clear goals for the future. Greg Knox earned the position of my role model. Greg is a successful inventor and entrepreneur who always stands by what he knows is right, and I admire those qualities in him. I value traits such as those, and applaud Gregs authoritative take on life. A figure who has taken fruition from his propositions and has scarcely backed down from the prime choice he selected I look up to him for that. Greg Knox exceeds the norm; rather than tarry and allow success to find him, Greg ventured out himself to wrangle the beast. Knox invented the Trunk Tracker, initiated a company, Synthecom, and engineered for NASA. Knoxs most commendable achievement? The creation of the Trunk Tracker. The Trunk Tracker aids the user by allowing them to tune in to various other radio frequencies. Bolstering Greg along the way: his extensive knowledge of technology, math, and science. His learnings also guided and aided him as he fixed and created many apparatuses to offer assistance in everyday life. Playing to his strengths favored Knox, and urged him onwards to his goal of an invention. Of course, Greg required an outlet from which to distribute his gadget from, and began considering the possibility of a company. Knox began the company with a business partner, and they soon triumphed. Actualizing his company, Synthecom, presented Greg with nearly instantaneous satisfaction. However, After a while , sales began to dwindle, and an alternative source needed consideration. This forced Greg to face a hard decision: let the company go, or keep selling a mediocre quantity of his product. After much speculation, a consensus was reached, and Greg Knox, along with his business partner, allowed a separate company, Uniden, to distribute the Tr...

Canon in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Canon in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - Essay Example The canons describe the nature of the relationship that God required a man to establish both among themselves and with Him. By upholding the specific religious laws, the canons succeed in safeguarding the longevity of the faiths since successive lineages pass the canons orally or through articulate literature. In doing this, the canons further succeed in creating the peaceful and cohesive societies envisioned by God. The same concept and role of the canons manifest itself in Christianity as well. The first set of laws in the bible originates from God as he strives to regulate the behavior of the Israelites. With the introduction of Jesus in the New Testament, Jesus reaffirms the need for upholding the laws besides introducing a feature of liberty in the religion. In retrospect, the above discussion presents the position and the role of canons in the respective religions. The laws are both written and oral often passed down through a series of linages through the teachings of the reli gious leaders. The nature of the canons just as is the case with the other religions strives to unify the adherents of the faith by providing a standard for behavior. This results in the creation of holistic and equally cohesive societies. The Torah, which is the holy book in Judaism, provides a chronological set of required behaviors thus providing the adherents of the faith with a series of legislation often interpreted by the leaders of the religion thus ensuring the longevity of the faith as has been the case.

Profational writing sample Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Profational writing sample - Essay Example The above strengths enable me to develop results focused plans, multitask, communicate and listen, make sound decisions firs, delegate tasks, help other when they need me, and have a positive outlook. The traits that were identified and appeared relevant to my career choice include critical thinking, approachable, credibility, results oriented, and persuasiveness. The above traits have always enabled me relate appropriately with people from diverse groups and with varying opinions. From the reports I got, I realized I possess skills such as supervisory skills since I can manage others in a group. Other skills included ability to lead and motivate others, good analytical skills and ability to plan. A combination of the above skills, strength, and traits suggested that I would fit in careers that require me to deal with people, one of which is being a human resource manager. 2) Given the career goals you hope to achieve by completing your degree, which of these categories would you find most helpful in gaining the knowledge that would be most useful to your future career success? Explain why and how in as much detail as possible After completing my degree my goal is to become a human resource manager and I will be required to conduct activities covered in this course and include Strategic HR Management, creating Equal Employment Opportunity, Staffing, Talent Management and Development, Total Rewards, Risk Management and Worker Protection, and Employee as well as Labor Relations. From the above activities, the most helpful to my career as a human resource manager is strategic human resource management. Strategic human resource management (SHRM) entails creating a link between overall strategic aims of an organization and the human resource strategy as well as implementation of the strategies. Therefore, SHRM is universal and enables human resource

International Business Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International Business Policy - Essay Example Added to that the purchasing power dazzled one and all and Multinationals of all hues went headlong to get a piece of the action. It has been ascertained that both India and China are quite similar and are perusing similar liberalization policies. Culturally too there is affinity and therefore investing in China will be a wise move. As a growing garment exporter to the world with an annul turnover of over Rs 5000 crores, equivalent to $ 1.25 billion the House of Pearl Fashions Ltd (HPF) are faced with a dilemma of competition from China. With the onset of a quota free regime US and European countries are free to buy their requirements from any country of the world and China as a source of cheap labour as well as due to its effective control on the Yuan has emerged as a strong contender against export of Indian garments. HPF is actively considering converting this threat into an opportunity. They already have a trading presence in China through a wholly owned subsidiary Northwest Trading, the next logical step should be to set up a manufacturing unit in one of their special economic zones and make it another exporting hub taking advantage of their labour and currency factors. (House of Pearl). Prior to reforms the Chinese maintained an overvalued currency but with expansion in foreign trade IMF estimates that the Chinese currency lost about 70 percent of its value against the dollar in real terms over the period from 1980 and 1995, substantially enhancing the international competitiveness of China-based export operations. (International Monetary Fund 1996, 50a) China has a free currency system and conversions are allowed freely. But the currency of the land the Yuan is frozen against foreign currencies of the world. As against this there is no free conversion of currencies in India but the Indian Rupee is kept on a floating basis viz-a-viz foreign currencies and this is the reason of our competitiveness being challenged by

Character Analysis Between Oconnors Misfit And Oates Friend English Literature Essay

Character Analysis Between Oconnors Misfit And Oates Friend English Literature Essay In comparing and contrasting Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find(1955) and Joyce Carol Oatess Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been(1966) the reader can find many similarities and differences between The Misfit in A Good Man is Hard to Find and Arnold Friend in Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been. The paper will take a look at these two characters and analyze their relationships with each stories main character as well as how they reflect certain aspects of religions. In Joyce Carol Oatess story Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been Arnold Friends character shows up at Connies place when she is all alone, with his side kick and his golden convertible. At first Arnold tries to charm this young girl into getting in his car, but Connie quickly realizes that Arnold is not the young man she thought he was. She has noticed that his hair seems like it is a wig, that he may be wearing makeup, and that he is walking strange. Arnold Friend continues to try and smooth talk Connie into going for a ride with him, but when Connie insists she is not interested Arnold becomes more aggressive. When Connie says she is going to call the cops Arnold threatens to come inside. After some more of Arnolds smooth talk Connie reluctantly agrees to go with him and the story ends. When comparing the two killers the one characteristic that seems to stick out the most is that they both seem to be good at what they do. In Oatess story Arnold Friend seems to have a charm about him in the way that he talks. As we saw in the story his smooth talk seemed to interest Connie, but even when Connie declined and Arnolds tone got more violent, Arnold still got what he wanted. Although Connie is obviously uncomfortable and very adamant on not getting into Arnolds vehicle throughout his entire persuasion, Arnold still manages to intimidate and coax her to come with him. In OConnors story The Misfits talents were a little less obvious. All in all when The Misfit got down to business he was very calm and even was a gentlemen, apologizing for being shirtless and separating the males and females before they were murdered. Another statement that could be made confirming additional similarities is that both characters are religiously related to their stories. When actively reading between the lines of each story, you can detect each of the authors subtle but still noticeable undertones that link religion in both stories. In Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been it said that Arnolds shoes didnt fit, and it look as if he had stuffed rags into his boots to make himself appear taller than his actually height. He was standing in a strange way, leaning back against the car as if he were balancing himself. Arnolds shoe was also described as appearing to not even have his foot inside of it. One of his boots was at a strange angle, as if his foot wasnt in it. It pointed to the left, bent at the ankle. This could be interpreted that Arnolds shoes didnt fit because he had hooves instead of feet, referring Arnold to be the Devil as it is known that the Devil was said to have had a pair of hooves that he took ext reme measures to hide. It has also been noted by previous readers who have identified religious connotations that if you were to take the R out of Arnolds first name, his full name would say An old Friend, this being a reference to the Devil as well who is said to have been the first being to befriend Adam and Eve upon their creation (James). The assumption can be also made that Arnold is not a human being because he displays qualities that are unnatural to humans, specifically his eyes. His eyes are much brighter than any other humans and produce the image of his eyes glowing due to the light illuminating from behind them. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦She saw how pale the skin around his eyes was, like holes that were not in shadow but instead in light. His eyes were like chips of broken glass that catch the light in an amiable way. On the other hand A Good Man is Hard to Find had many religious inserts, but The Misfits actually compares himself directly to Jesus, stating he is like Jesus, except Jesus hadnt committed a crime. The Misfit is not just murdering people for no reason; he seems to have spiritual or moral reasoning for his killings. The Misfit is aware of what he is doing is wrong, but thinks its okay because of the morals he believes in. It is brought to the attention of the reader that The Misfit is actually quite concerned with religious beliefs and Jesus after the grandmother attempts to persuade him to pray in order to find his connection with Jesus and spare the elderly womans life. Much to the surprise of the grandmother, although The Misfit has not ever prayed, he has thought deeply about Jesus and even states, It was the same case with Him as with me except He hadnt committed any crime and they could prove I had committed one because they had papers on me meaning he feels there is much simila rity between him and the Son of God. However, The Misfit then goes on to tell the grandmother in the time preceding her death about his uncertainty in believing whether Jesus ever actually raised the dead. This uncertainty really angers The Misfit, because he just wants to know what really happened. The Misfit feels that he cannot believe that Jesus raised the dead, because he was not there to witness it. After stating this disbelief, the assumption can be made that The Misfit feels that it is his responsibility to judge others and determine their fate as he does not know if Jesus has performed this judgment. He even states, If I had been there I would of known and I wouldnt be like I am now, to further solidify this assumption. It appears that The Misfit blames Jesus for his actions and even punishments received for his crimes committed, causing him to judge those who are living. This is precisely what The Misfit does with the grandmother and her sons family upon finding them after the accident. After having his two partners kill Bailey and his family, The Misfit listens to the grandmothers suggested advice and pleas to survive. All of the grandmothers talking though does not target this killer emotionally, and he just finally becomes irritated with her reaching his last nerve when she claims he is her son. The Misfit takes this opportunity to determine his final judgment of the grandmother and decides she is not worth living by shooting her three times. It is easier to find differences between the two characters because it seemed the reason why they were doing these crimes are different. In Oatess story, Arnolds character seemed to be attracted to younger people, mainly directed to girls. This can be concluded because of Arnolds efforts to make himself look like a young man. Connie liked the way he was dressed, which was the way all of them dressed: tight faded jeans stuffed into black, scuffed boots, a belt that pulled his waist and showed how lean he was, and a white pullover shirt that was a little soiled and showed the hard small muscles of his arms and shoulders(Oates 997). In OConnors story The Misfit seemed to target certain people. When selecting his victims he seemed to choose people that he felt where going against his morals. For example, when The Misfit discovers that the grandmother is not the great lady she claims herself to be, it can be concluded as reason for the murders. This can be backed up by when The Misfits st ates She would have been a good woman if it had been somebody there to shoot her every minute of her life (OConnor 1050), suggesting that he may not have killed her if she would have acted like that when he first met the family. A major difference that was also highlighted once their religious relations were analyzed, gives the obvious conclusion that The Misfit is being compared to Jesus and Arnold Friend is being compared to the Devil. They are polar opposites. The relationship between the killing and the victim in both stories is also an intriguing factor to both stories. The relationship between the grandmother and The Misfits stands out the most. It seems as if they are completely opposite. On one hand the grandmother thinks she is morally superior and the perfect lady. When she is not and is quick to point blame and make statements about her morals that are not true. Now when you analyze The Misfits you can see that he does follow his morals, although they may not be good morals he does sticks by them. When analyzing the relationship between Arnold Friend and Connie it can be quickly be decided that Arnold controls this relationship. Arnold does what he does best in the story, talk. When Arnold attempts to get Connie into his car, it seems as if he knows all of her weaknesses, her appearance, and her family life. In his effort he continues to take stabs at those weaknesses. First commenting Connie on her appearance and when that doesnt seem to work starts to pick at her family life, asking if they would save her and so on, this leading to Connie finally giving in and going with Arnold Friend. Some readers may have found this very controversial, Connie giving in and leaving with Arnold Friend, but this is a perfect example of their relationship. From the beginning of the story Connie seemed to thrive for attention and Arnold was giving her exactly what see wanted, it just took some of his smooth talking and picking at her weaknesses to get Connie to finally give in. In conclusion, when comparing and contrasting Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find and Joyce Carol Oatess Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been the reader can find many similarities and differences between The Misfit in A Good Man is Hard to Find and Arnold Friend in Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been. The Misfit and Arnold Friend both proved to be effective authoritative predators in persuading their victims to follow their directives which ultimately lead to their unfortunate deaths and abduction. Both characters in each of these short stories also exhibited insinuated religious implications that related them mainly to two major figures in religion, Jesus and the Devil. After analyzing The Misfit and Arnolds relationship with their respective main characters, many differences were also noted that separated them as individual manipulators that each performed their own tasks to get what they wanted. The paper took a look at these two characters and analyzed their rel ationships with each stories main character as well as how they reflected certain aspects of religions. Work Citied James. Re: Commentary on Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Web log comment. Notearama. 19 Oct. 2011. Web. 30 Mar. 2011. . Oates Joyce. Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been The Story and Its Writers. Ed Ann Charter Boston: St. Martin, 2011. 988-1000. Print OConnor Flannery. A Good Man is Hard to Find The Story and Its Writers. Ed Ann Charter Boston: St. Martin, 2011. 1042-1053. Print Bryan Glaza Eng 202 March 30, 2011 Kimalee Augustine Writing Process The following short essay provides the process I took to write my paper on comparing and contrasting Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard to Find and Joyce Carol Oatess Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been to find similarities and differences between The Misfit in A Good Man is Hard to Find and Arnold Friend in Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been. The first step to my writing process began with the choosing of my topic. This step was by far the easiest step in my writing process. I already knew I wanted to write about Joyce Carol Oatess Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been, because out of the stories we have read so far this one caught my attention the most. Then when I saw the topic list and the topic comparing and contrasting The Misfit and Arnold Friend I knew this had to be my topic. Following the first step of picking a topic, came my second step to my writing process and this being my brainstorming process. Since I felt there was a lot to be said on this topic I felt a free write was the best way to get me started. In the third step I started to write my paper. After free writing for almost three pages I began my paper. This was done by simply revising my free write and added the required information make my paper complete. Finally with having a complete paper I took my paper to the writers workshop to have it revised by others. From here I simply took my recommendations from the workshop and put the final touches on my paper. After the completing the first paper it was time to start my writing process again. The second part of the paper was just an addition to the first part. So instead of find a new topic all that needed to be done was find some addition information on my topic and add at least two more pages to my paper. The writing process for part two began with the revision of my first paper. First I checked for common errors like grammar and fixed those before I forgot to. Then I was time to see what was needed to add depth and length to my paper. After reading though my paper I saw that I spent most of my paper talking about Arnold Friend so this was noted. Next I saw that I could organize my paper a little better so this was also noted. With these two ideas noted I could start researching again to find some more information. I started by trying to find more information that could be used to give me more to say about The Misfit. There was not much talk of The Misfit online so I decided to read the story again and try to focus in and find parts that had to do with religion. I did the same with Arnold Friend and to my surprise there was a lot of information on him. But this information was not very helpful; the bulk of the information was found in forums and very opinionated and did not seem believable. With this in mind I decided not to use any of this information and do as I did for The Misfit and re-read the story to try and find more information that would focus on religion. Finally after re-reading the stories it was time to add the addition information. This was done by focusing on adding more depth to the topics that were already there and adding new thoughts into the paper. The changes that where made added about a page and a half, but because of my organization issues I stated earlier my total came to six pages instead of six and a half. Also since of most of my information had to do with comparing religion I decided it would be beneficial to change my thesis statement to include this.

At the Crossroads :: Free Essays Online

At the Crossroads In November of 1974, a red headed Bostonian, who looked like she was straight out of Southie, was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives. With fifty-nine percent of the vote, Elaine Noble’s victory signified a remarkable emergence, for she was the first openly gay politician to win election to a statewide office (Perry 37-65). Noble’s election was the catalyst for a dramatic series of events, not only for the residents of the Fenway district in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, but for the entire country as well. Since that historic afternoon, Massachusetts has typically had ten openly gay politicians on its ballot. On a national level, there are more than one hundred and sixty openly gay politicians, with an average of one hundred additional gays seeking office. It is necessary to establish that Elaine Noble and her many followers all come from a viewpoint that recognizes the inherent discrimination and oppression of gays. From this position, a pursuance of change through reform of the status quo is a top priority. Another standpoint, called liberationist, seeks to restructure an inherently oppressing system. Both systems are political means for achieving change- politicians themselves are usually reformers, while political organizations and individuals can function under either realm. The liberationist movement is often critical of the reformers like Noble, accusing them of wanting to be just like the (straight) white male. Reformers see themselves more as multiculturalists- that a number of distinct groups exist, and their differences should be celebrated. Liberationists contradict that assumption with the reasoning that gays are an oppressed minority, and as an oppressed minority, cannot function within the structures created by the large r majority. These assumptions are part of the minority thesis, which in a sense forms the systemic differences of each group. Using the unique geographical space of Washington, DC, I plan to challenge the stereotypical assumption that gay identity is prerequisite to the election of an openly gay politician. When I say "gay identity", I am specifically referring to the sense of community, pride, and progress. The distinct minority theses will be used to convey the implications of identity in the political structure, and in turn the formation of a gay identity in the District of Columbia. Though Elaine Noble was the first successful gay candidate to win elected office, she was by no means the first openly gay politician. Frank Kameny, an activist who had previously lost his federal job because of his sexual orientation, was the first openly gay person to seek national office.

Ethical or Unethical Essay

Calling in sick when you really are not is unethical because on such short notice a replacement will be difficult, if at all, to find. Someone needs to do the job that you are hired to do with or without you. Everybody at one point or another gets ill and that is understandable but every day that job is not done or done incorrectly costs the company money. If the company feels that you are costing them more than if they trained someone else with a better attendance record for your position they will let you go. Taking office supplies home for personal use is unethical and illegal because they are property of the company. Theft is something we are taught at a young age to be wrong so in essence this also goes against morals. The company loses money and they need to cover this loss by either cutting hours, laying off employees, postponing raises or giving them to some employees. You could be one of those employees without a raise indirectly affected or arrested for stealing if caught. Cheating on a work appraisal is risky if not unethical. This directly relates to money and affects many different parties directly as well as indirectly in a negative way. Profits are the difference between success and the demise of a business but cheating is a quick route to demise. A business will not support an employee whose actions put their company at such risk. Turning in a coworker for stealing is ethical in the sense of the word but may go against the morals you know growing up. Stealing is wrong but a â€Å"snitch† is not what any of us wants to be. It is a double-edged sword, the company will be grateful in knowing who is stealing from them and will eradicate that problem but then you will be a known â€Å"snitch† who can’t be trusted. Overcharging on your company expense report is seemingly harmless, but in the end who really pays? For the meantime, while you are a productive member of the staff it is acceptable but eventually may not equate to your overall production. The issue at hand is if this were ethical behavior, the answer would have to be no. You have to keep in mind this is not your money and if it were, would you be so generous. Surfing the net on company time unethical is extreme especially if it is pertaining to company business. The questionable part is whether this falls into the category of ethical or unethical. If you are surfing, the net for personable reasons that is not something the company should pay for. It is intolerable behavior and when it takes time away from your duties that is unethical and that is means for termination. If you are surfing the net after your work is completed and you still have time on the clock before your work day is done that is just taking advantage of the situation and would be worthy of a warning not to do again or else. Lying (exaggerating) about yourself (education or experience) on a resume or during a job interview is immoral which in definition is unethical but then again it has to do with your upbringing. If you do something you know is wrong then you just should not do it. If in reality it does not hurt anyone then it can be justifiable but not excused. If you know you can do the job that the description calls for but you do not possess the experience that is required, I think is something one has to decide if it is ethical. Despite the simplicity of the definition, application is more complex. (McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009)

When We Heal the Earth, We Heal Ourselves Essay Example

When We Heal the Earth, We Heal Ourselves Essay Example When We Heal the Earth, We Heal Ourselves Paper When We Heal the Earth, We Heal Ourselves Paper A fringe of life is developed by nature for all living things including man. All life forms follow nature’s commands except man, who has found ways of ignoring them. The sun, the moon and the stars would have disappeared long ago had they happened to be within the reach of predatory human hands. A very good morning to one and all. Today I’m here to share my views with you on the topic â€Å"when we heal the earth, we heal ourselves.† Healing the Earth, our Mother, is something that is more urgent than ever and, hopefully, it is not too late. It is, however, very much true that by healing Mother Earth we will also be healing ourselves and society. Man has gone in for wholesale destruction of species, often because some were interfering with his activities, while others were exploited to the brink of extinction or to extinction. The same has been done with the Earths resources, whether it be wood, minerals, etc. and in the pursuit of profit from those sources entire areas have been clear felled and otherwise destroyed and/or poisoned. The destruction of the rainforests for hardwoods and farming and the destruction of the Appalachian Mountains for coal where entire mountain tops are blown off are but two examples. The overfished seas and poisoned oceans are another. The former for our needs and often for greed, and the latter due to greed with oil spillage, sewage and chemical dumping, etc. No community that is in constant combat with the natural world can ever be a happy one and it will be one that, in the end, loses, and more than just the battle. If we ever win this battle, then we are making the best of efforts, against Nature to make sure we are dead, in the literal sense of the word and all other senses of it too. I have come to believe that the physical destruction of the earth extends to us, too. If we live in an environment thats woundedwhere the water is polluted, the air is filled with soot and fumes, the food is contaminated with heavy metals and plastic residues, or the soil is practically dustit hurts us, chipping away at our health and creating injuries at a physical and psychological level. In degrading the environment, therefore, we degrade ourselves. The reverse is also true. In the process of helping the earth to heal, we help ourselves. We see the earth bleeding from the loss of topsoil, biodiversity, or drought and desertification, and if we help reclaim what is lost and try to save what we have for instance, through regeneration of degraded foreststhe planet will help us in our self-healing and indeed survival. Our house is burning down and we are blind to it. The earth and humankind are in danger and we are all responsible. It is time to open our eyes. Alarms are sounding across all continents. We cannot say we did not know! Never before in the history of humanity seem people have to be so stupid and conceited as they are at this moment in time. Things that should not be done are being doing â€Å"just because we can do it† whether it is playing with a dangerous energy source – in this case nuclear power – or that collider thing in Switzerland where they attempt to recreate the â€Å"Bing Bang† which, if we are unlucky, could also spell then end of the world if they succeed. Let me throw some light on the elixir of life- water Discharge of sewage into the water bodies, such as rivers, lakes and streams is hazardous to human health and also to aquatic flora and fauna. Pollution of water systems may cause outbreak of diseases like diarrhoea, dysentry, cholera, typhoid, etc. Contamination of water with certain chemicals is also a health hazard. Treatment of polluted h2o is important to fight against such deadly diseases. Remember we have one home†¦..we build it or destroy it†¦..it is our own home we gain or lose†¦..

Love in Platos Symposium

Love in Platos Symposium Love is an emotion that most people feel. Whether it is for a child, sibling, relative, it is felt in some way. But what makes love such a strong emotion? In "The Examined Life," Nozick describes four criteria that need to be matched for something to be better. Those four criteria are it has to have value, meaning, importance and weight. Comparing these four criteria with a situation or belief will help you better understand if something is love or not. It's also good to understand these so you can come up with something that you would actually believe and utter to someone else.The first of the four criteria that you use to determine love would be value. Value is unity in diversity or opposites attract. You can tell if love has value when two completely different individuals come together and form a great relationship and live happily.Plato-symposium-ms2If two people with similar interests and backgrounds get together they wouldn't be able to connect as strongly as two totally differ ent people. You could say that two opposites complete each other. You can also take into account diversity when trying to determine the value of love. The greater the diversity of the two people then you can say that they will have a more valuable relationship.The second criterion that you take into account is meaning. Meaning is the connection that something has beyond its boundaries. With love this means that the two individuals connect not just fall in love but they also get a connection deep down inside and make the relationship worth while and not dull. Nozick says that "the meaning of life is to transcend the limits of one's life," so you could say that the meaning of love is to transcend the limits of...

Research Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Research Project - Essay Example While conducting the research, it is important for follow certain code of ethics. First of all, honesty shall be maintained by prohibiting falsification or mispresentation of data. Any kind of biasness should be prohibited while designing, conducting, analysing and interpreting the results. Care should be taken to minimise errors throughout the process. Respect will be given to intellectual property and confidentiality of the respondents. That is why name and other details related to the participants will be kept confidential. Even respect will be given to social responsibilities while conducting the research. I am grateful to my institution and the Head of the Department for giving me the opportunity to conduct this research project on a topic that is so relevant in the contemporary context. I want to thank those people vehemently whose inspiration and influence have helped me to shape this research project. I acknowledge my indebtedness and gratitude to my mentor and teacher, who was a source of continuous inspiration and guidance and without whose support this research project would not have seen the light of the day. I also thank all my friends and faculty members who have helped me to complete this research project. The increase in the number of failures of the first year students at the university is a major cause of concern, both for the education system of UK and also for the universities. The primary reason to be attributed is the change in the learning environment. However, there are also other factors that are equally responsible for this deplorable situation and this paper aims to identify these factors with the help of primary and secondary research. Students undergo different transition phases in the course of achieving academic education. The journey begins at home and then gradually a child goes through different educational institutions like elementary school, high school, and

Role of Venice in the 12th Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Role of Venice in the 12th Century - Essay Example which in turn facilitated trade to Padua, Vicenza, Treviso, Belluno, Ferrara, Mantua, and Verona. These towns carried the city’s merchandise to the central and southern parts of the peninsula in caravans where there were sure and ready market (Wiel  82-83). Another source of income for Venice was rental of its boats and ships. Venice became famous throughout the known world because of its trade and textile industry. During this period Venice also traded spice, salt, grain and wine with Egypt, Syria, Southeast Asia, Iran and China. Due to the spice trade, the city was able to expand its textile manufacturing. This type of commerce proved to be beneficial to the city; not only was it able to learn new arts to improve ship-building, Venice was also able to obtain from the countries it traded with new ways to improve the city. The skills that the Venetian sailors earned were almost unparalleled and the voyages they undertook to trade and to discover new places and things were un matched (Wiel  85), while the wars that they engaged in (or at least their fleets) placed them in high esteem. During the 12th century Venice also constructed a large national shipyard, now known as the Venetian Arsenal. Through the construction of these new and powerful fleets they were finally able to take control of the eastern Mediterranean. Venice also knew how to take advantage of historical circumstances. Despite the fact that it belonged to Christendom, the city still managed to retain trade with the Muslims (even establishing an agreement with the Khalif of Bagdhad). The year 1096-1172 saw the city of Venice engagement in the â€Å"Holy Crusade† the rest of the Christian world had been partaking in. For two years the city has found various excuses not to take part in the crusade, but this time they were unable to refuse. The pope and various Christian leaders appealed to Venice to aid in the crusade by transporting the crusaders in their ships to Palestine (Wiel  85). A fleet of two hundred, or possibly more, warships were fitted for battle and sailed under the command of Giovanni (the son of the Doge) and Enrico Contarini (Bishop of Castello) (Wiel 86). During this period Venice met with a force that could rival her own. The republic of Pisa and Genoa, had steadily been gaining strength and now proved to be a threat to Venice. The first engagement between the rivals happened at Rhodes, with the city of Venice emerging as the victor (Wiel 86). The cities of Venice and Genoa both relied heavily on trade for economic growth. The two often engaged in competition over overseas trade routes (Fratianni and Spinelli  13). The war between these two cities lasted between 1256 and 1381 and occurred in four open war fares. After their last war which happened in 1378 to 1381, Venice dominated the trade routes to the east and left the west to the Genoese. Venice often demonstrated strength when Genoa and Pisa, often in alliance, challenged the rule ov er the trading route and emerged as the victor every time. Both cities have also developed extensive trade agreements in western Mediterranean. Venice has always been described to be the more politically and economically stronger city state between the two. Although both were known to be finance centers, traditional accounts on international trade gave more credit to Venice. Later on this is to

Phobias Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Phobias - Research Paper Example Types of Phobias There is no way of knowing or even being able to count how many phobias exist in the world. It is often believed that there is a phobia for everything, including many concepts or situations that others are even unaware of. With this being the case, it is possible that there are millions, if not billions, of phobias in the world. As there are so many, it is also believed that everyone is likely to have at least one phobia, if not two or three. Phobias come in all possible forms, showing that every little thing in this world is someone else’s fear. There are three main types of phobia categories: specific phobias, social phobia, and a fear of open spaces, also known as agoraphobia, all of which will be briefly discussed forthcoming. Despite the endless amount of phobias in the world, some are definitely more common than others. The most common phobia is arachnophobia, which is the fear of spiders. This phobia may be more common in females, but there are plenty o f men that also wish to have nothing to do with spiders. The second most common phobia experienced throughout the world is social phobia, the fear of being judged negatively in social situations. Roughly 5.3 million American adults between the ages of eighteen and fifty-four have social phobia (Craske 87). Perhaps unsurprisingly, the age group is correlated with the approximate ages of people that are working or in the middle of careers - situations where social judgment is not only unavoidable, but often required as part of their job. Other common phobias are aerophobia, which is the fear of flying; claustrophobia, the fear of being trapped in small, confining spaces; acrophobia, the fear of heights; agoraphobia, which is the fear that brings about extreme fear and avoidance of any place where it might be hard to escape or seek help, such as in an elevator or a larger space, such as the Grand Canyon; and necrophobia, which is the fear of dying or of dead things. There are also phob ias that are not as common, and some are simply bizarre. Most of these phobias are fears of concepts or situations. Taphephobia is the fear of being buried alive or being anywhere near a cemetery. Anablephobia is the fear of looking up; this is considered strange, as looking up is an action that is done almost unconsciously and can seldom be avoided. Geniophobia is the fear of chins. Possibly the most interesting phobia is phronemophobia, which is the fear of thinking. There are fears for having or seeing certain body parts, certain foods, smells, tastes, or textures. The very paper that this is being written on, or even the ink that typed it, can be the fear of one or more people in this world. This is why phobias are considered to be irrational, since many of these objects, situations, or concepts should not be feared. With a few exceptions, such as a fear of death or even sharks, these phobias are unable to cause harm to a person. As such, by having these phobias, people may risk causing harm to themselves in their attempts to avoid the cause of their phobia. Causes Since each phobia is as different as the person experiencing them, it has become difficult to pinpoint how phobias are caused. Unlike other

Signal Cable Company Essay Example for Free

Signal Cable Company Essay Case 1: Signal cable company 1. Why has the stock price fallen despite the fact that the net income has increased? Ans: The stock price for Signal Cable company could have fallen for a variety of reasons. Stock price is influenced by the performance of the company, investor expectations as well as general market/economic conditions. In the case of Signal, it is clear that the stock price fell despite an increase in the net income. This could be possibly because the company might have made incorrect investment decisions by investing in two manufacturing plants as well tying up more money in inventory. Shareholders may not be happy with this decision and consequently the demand for the stock may have decreased causing a drop in price. In addition, the dividends offered by the firm has increased in 2004 from 0.187$ per share to 0.214$ per share. Once again, this could be indicative to the market of the company being uncertain of what to do with their resources and not having enough attractive investments to pursue. 2. How liquid would you say that this company is? Calculate the absolute liquidity of the firm. How does it compare with the previous year’s liquidity position? Ans: Short term solvency or the liquidity of a firm can be measured using the liquidity ratios. This is a measure of short term liquidity helping assess the sufficiency of current assets to meet current liabilities. The ratios include: i) Current Ratio: 2003= 2.50 2013= 2.06. The current ratio of the firm has decreased between the last 2 years. This is mainly driven by a huge increase in the inventory held by Signal Cable Company as well as an increase in the accounts receivables. This could be because creditors are not paying on or delays on the banking side. ii) Quick Ratio: 2004= 0.608

Beowulf is an Anglo Saxon Hero Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essays

There has only been one hero in Anglo-Saxon history, only one man can meet every requirement one needs to be classified as hero. Only one man's honor, loyalty, courage, generosity, and wisdom, fits the true definition of a hero. That man is Beowulf. With these leading traits, Beowulf's rise to heroism was not just by chance. He filled each of the five characteristics perfectly, as if it was his destiny to be admired. To gain the respect and glory that a person of power needs, one must earn it. There is only one way to achieve respect in the times of the Anglo-Saxons. Only Beowulf was the most honored man throughout all Anglo-Saxon history. He performed three straightforward tasks to reach his level of admiration. In the time of The Anglo-Saxon?s, men lived by the Comitatus Code. One avenged the death of their king. Men lived a lifestyle of boasting and violence. Beowulf?s first major feat was undoubtedly through violence. An evil bloodthirsty creature named Grendel haunted the mead hall of Heorot. Upon hearing of this ghastly monster, Beowulf found it too ?hard to ignore? (Lines 409-410). Many claimed it was an impossible feat to go toe to toe with Grendel (Line 473). ?No one has ever outlasted an entire night with Grendel? (Lines 527-528). Hrothgar said that he would hate to burden anyone with such a great task. For many have tried, yet none have succeeded in killing Grendel. Ho wever, Beowulf took on Grendel and ripped his arm off as a sign of his sheer strength. Upon accomplishing this act, Beowulf did what was a customary action for this time. He bragged, boasted, and did not downplay the praise he received. He had just ripped the arm off the monster that had been previously tormenting Heorot?s mead ... ... decision throughout all Anglo-Saxon history. Life doesn?t cost Beowulf a thought (Line 1535). Beowulf gave his breath so that life still can go on. He made the choice that was best for his people, but in turn fatal for him. Beowulf, the honorable, loyal, and courageous king of great generosity and wisdom has fallen. The perfectness on every level was amazing. The five traits that Beowulf needed to qualify for to even be considered a hero, he exceeded them. Beowulf was the man whose honor lives on. Beowulf was the man whole loyalty and courageousness never faltered. Beowulf was the man whose generosity touched the heart of others. Beowulf was the man with the greatest wisdom throughout all history. ?Beowulf worked for the people, but as well at that he behaved like a hero?(Lines 3006-3007). Beowulf knew he was destined to be our king, leader, our beast.

A Teacher Affects Eternity :: Teaching, Education, Admissions

A Teacher Affects Eternity As graduation was approaching, the question running through my mind was, "What am I going to do with my life?" I knew this was an important decision, and I wanted to make sure I made the right one. I knew that I wanted to attend college, but I was debating between Physical Therapy, and Education. In making this decision, I reflected back to my Junior year in high school, when I tutored a Kindergarten class. I hadn't realized the impact that these ten kindergartners had made upon my life. With their cute sayings, their many hugs, and the excitement on their faces when learning something new; helped me to decide that Education is what I wanted to do. When I enrolled into college, I realized that becoming a teacher is a very important task. Teachers are forming the mold of future doctors, lawyers, teachers, and much more. When I become a teacher I want to portray positive characteristics that will be beneficial to my students. I want to be the type of teacher that shows compassion toward my students. I feel to portray this characteristic I must know each of my students learning capabilities, and what kind of learning strategy works for each child. I feel it's my job to make sure that my classroom is a safe haven for each child. I never want one student to be excluded. I feel being excluded would make coming to school a very terrifying experience for the child, and I want to make my classroom comfortable for everyone. I want to always go the extra-mile to help my students, and I want them to feel that if they have a problem they can always come to me for help. I want to be the teacher who offers daily encouragement. I feel encouragement is imperative when dealing with children. I feel they need encouragement so that they know they can accomplish anything they set their mind to. I want to be the teacher who makes phone calls home to parents to tell of the accomplishments that their sons/daughters are achieving. I feel that giving encouragement will make my students work harder, and they will be more successful.

An Approach to Detect and Prevent Sql Injection Attacks in Database Using Web Service

IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL. 11 No. 1, January 2011 197 An Approach to Detect and Prevent SQL Injection Attacks in Database Using Web Service IndraniBalasundaram 1 Dr. E. Ramaraj2 1 Lecturer, Department of Computer Science, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 2 Director of Computer Centre Alagappa University, Karaikudi. Abstract SQL injection is an attack methodology that targets the data residing in a database through the firewall that shields it. The attack takes advantage of poor input validation in code and ebsite administration. SQL Injection Attacks occur when an attacker is able to insert a series of SQL statements in to a ‘query’ by manipulating user input data in to a web-based application, attacker can take advantages of web application programming security flaws and pass unexpected malicious SQL statements through a web application for execution by the backend database. This paper proposes a novel specification-ba sed methodology for the prevention of SQL injection Attacks. The two most important advantages of the new approach against xisting analogous mechanisms are that, first, it prevents all forms of SQL injection attacks; second, Current technique does not allow the user to access database directly in database server. The innovative technique â€Å"Web Service Oriented XPATH Authentication Technique† is to detect and prevent SQLInjection Attacks in database the deployment of this technique is by generating functions of two filtration models that are Active Guard and Service Detector of application scripts additionally allowing seamless integration with currently-deployed systems. General TermsLanguages, Security, Verification, Experimentation. Keywords Database security, world-wide web, web application security, SQL injection attacks, Runtime Monitoring changes to data. The fear of SQL injection attacks has become increasingly frequent and serious. . SQL-Injection Attacks are a cl ass of attacks that many of these systems are highly vulnerable to, and there is no known fool-proof defend against such attacks. Compromise of these web applications represents a serious threat to organizations that have deployed them, and also to users who trust these systems to store confidential data. The Web applications hat are vulnerable to SQL-Injection attacks user inputs the attacker’s embeds commands and gets executed [4]. The attackers directly access the database underlying an application and leak or alter confidential information and execute malicious code [1][2]. In some cases, attackers even use an SQL Injection vulnerability to take control and corrupt the system that hosts the Web application. The increasing number of web applications falling prey to these attacks is alarmingly high [3] Prevention of SQLIA’s is a major challenge. It is difficult to implement and enforce a rigorous defensive coding discipline. Many olutions based on defensive coding ad dress only a subset of the possible attacks. Evaluation of â€Å"â€Å"Web Service Oriented XPATH Authentication Technique† has no code modification as well as automation of detection and prevention of SQL Injection Attacks. Recent U. S. industry regulations such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act [5] pertaining to information security, try to enforce strict security compliance by application vendors. 1. Introduction 1. 1 SAMPLE – APPLICATION Information is the most important business asset in today’s environment and achieving an appropriate level of Information Security. SQL-Injection Attacks (SQLIA’s) re one of the topmost threats for web application security. For example financial fraud, theft confidential data, deface website, sabotage, espionage and cyber terrorism. The evaluation process of security tools for detection and prevention of SQLIA’s. To implement security guidelines inside or outside the database it is recommended to access the sensitive databases should be monitored. It is a hacking technique in which the attacker adds SQL statements through a web application's input fields or hidden parameters to gain access to resources or make Application that contain SQL Injection vulnerability.The example refers to a fairly simple vulnerability that could be prevented using a straightforward coding fix. This example is simply used for illustrative purposes because it is easy to understand and general enough to illustrate many different types of attacks. The code in the example uses the input parameters LoginID, password to dynamically build an SQL query and submit it to a database. For example, if a user submits loginID and password as â€Å"secret,† and â€Å"123,† the application dynamically builds and submits the query: Manuscript received January 5, 2011 Manuscript revised January 20, 2011 198IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL. 11 No. 1, January 2011 SELECT * from FROM loginID=’secret’ AND pass1=123 user_info WHERE If the loginID and password match the corresponding entry in the database, it will be redirect to user_main. aspx page other wise it will be redirect to error. aspx page. 1. dim loginId, Password as string 2. loginId = Text1. Text 3. password = Text2. Text 3. cn. open() 4. qry=†select * from user_info where LoginID=’† & loginID & â€Å"’ and pass1=† & password & â€Å"† 5. cmd=new sqlcommand(qry,cn) 6. rd=cmd. executereader() 7. if (rd. Read=True) Then 8. Response. redirect(â€Å"user_main. spx†) 9. else 10. Response. redirect(â€Å"error. aspx†) 11. end if 12. cn. close() 13. cmd. dispose() b. Union Query In union-query attacks, Attackers do this by injecting a statement of the form: UNION SELECT because the attackers completely control the second/injected query they can use that query to retrieve information from a specified table. The result of this attack is that th e database returns a dataset that is the union of the results of the original first query and the results of the injected second query. Example: An attacker could inject the text â€Å"’ UNION SELECT pass1 from user_info where LoginID=’secret – -† nto the login field, which produces the following query: SELECT pass1 FROM user_info WHERE loginID=’’ UNION SELECT pass1 from user_info where LoginID=’secret’ — AND pass1=’’ Assuming that there is no login equal to â€Å"†, the original first query returns the null set, whereas the second query returns data from the â€Å"user_info† table. In this case, the database would return column â€Å"pass1† for account â€Å"secret†. The database takes the results of these two queries, unions them, and returns them to the application. In many applications, the effect of this operation is that the value for â€Å"pass1† is displayed along with the account informationFigure 1: Example of . NET code implementation. 1. 2 Techniques of SQLIA’S Most of the attacks are not in isolated they are used together or sequentially, depending on the specific goals of the attacker. a. Tautologies Tautology-based attack is to inject code in one or more conditional statements so that they always evaluate to true. The most common usages of this technique are to bypass authentication pages and extract data. If the attack is successful when the code either displays all of the returned records or performs some action if at least one record is returned. Example: In this example attack, an attacker submits â€Å" ’ or 1=1 – -†The Query for Login mode is: SELECT * FROM user_info WHERE loginID=’’ or 1=1 – AND pass1=’’ The code injected in the conditional (OR 1=1) transforms the entire WHERE clause into a tautology the query evaluates to true for each row in the table and returns a ll of them. In our example, the returned set evaluates to a not null value, which causes the application to conclude that the user authentication was successful. Therefore, the application would invoke method user_main. aspx and to access the application [6] [7] [8]. c. Stored Procedures SQL Injection Attacks of this type try to execute stored procedures present in the database.Today, most database vendors ship databases with a standard set of stored procedures that extend the functionality of the database and allow for interaction with the operating system. Therefore, once an attacker determines which backend database is in use, SQLIAs can be crafted to execute stored procedures provided by that specific database, including procedures that interact with the operating system. It is a common misconception that using stored procedures to write Web applications renders them invulnerable to SQLIAs. Developers are often surprised to find that their stored procedures can be just as vulner able o attacks as their normal applications [18, 24]. Additionally, because stored procedures are often written in special scripting languages, they can contain other types of vulnerabilities, such as buffer overflows, that allow attackers to run arbitrary code on the server or escalate their privileges. CREATE PROCEDURE DBO. UserValid(@LoginID varchar2, @pass1 varchar2 AS EXEC(â€Å"SELECT * FROM user_info WHERE loginID=’† [email  protected]+ â€Å"’ and pass1=’† [email  protected]+ â€Å"’†);GO Example: This example demonstrates how a parameterized stored procedure can be exploited via an SQLIA. In the example, we assume that the query string constructed at ines 5, 6 and 7 of our example has been replaced by a call IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL. 11 No. 1, January 2011 to the stored procedure defined in Figure 2. The stored procedure returns a true/false value to indicate whether the u ser’s credentials authenticated correctly. To launch an SQLIA, the attacker simply injects â€Å" ’ ; SHUTDOWN; –† into either the LoginID or pass1 fields. This injection causes the stored procedure to generate the following query: SELECT * FROM user_info WHERE loginID=’secret’ AND pass1=’; SHUTDOWN; -At this point, this attack works like a piggy-back attack.The first query is executed normally, and then the second, malicious query is executed, which results in a database shut down. This example shows that stored procedures can be vulnerable to the same range of attacks as traditional application code [6] [11] [12] [10] [13] [14] [15]. d. Extended stored procedures IIS(Internet Information Services) Reset There are several extended stored procedures that can cause permanent damage to a system[19]. Extended stored procedure can be executed by using login form with an injected command as the LoginId LoginId:';execmaster.. xp_xxx;-Passwo rd:[Anything] LoginId:';execmaster.. p_cmdshell'iisreset';-Password:[Anything] select password from user_info where LoginId=†; exec master.. xp_cmdshell ‘iisreset'; –‘ and Password=† This Attack is used to stop the service of the web server of particular Web application. Stored procedures primarily consist of SQL commands, while XPs can provide entirely new functions via their code. An attacker can take advantage of extended stored procedure by entering a suitable command. This is possible if there is no proper input validation. xp_cmdshell is a built-in extended stored procedure that allows the execution of arbitrary command lines. For example: exec master.. p_cmdshell ‘dir' will obtain a directory listing of the current working directory of the SQL Server process. In this example, the attacker may try entering the following input into a search form can be used for the attack. When the query string is parsed and sent to SQL Server, the server wi ll process the following code: SELECT * FROM user_info WHERE input text =† exec master.. xp_cmdshell LoginId /DELETE'–‘ 199 Here, the first single quote entered by the user closes the string and SQL Server executes the next SQL statements in the batch including a command to delete a LoginId to the user_info table in the database. . Alternate Encodings Alternate encodings do not provide any unique way to attack an application they are simply an enabling technique that allows attackers to evade detection and prevention techniques and exploit vulnerabilities that might not otherwise be exploitable. These evasion techniques are often necessary because a common defensive coding practice is to scan for certain known â€Å"bad characters,† such as single quotes and comment operators. To evade this defense, attackers have employed alternate methods of encoding their attack strings (e. g. , using hexadecimal, ASCII, and Unicode character encoding).Common scanning an d detection techniques do not try to evaluate all specially encoded strings, thus allowing these attacks to go undetected. Contributing to the problem is that different layers in an application have different ways of handling alternate encodings. The application may scan for certain types of escape characters that represent alternate encodings in its language domain. Another layer (e. g. , the database) may use different escape characters or even completely different ways of encoding. For example, a database could use the expression char(120) to represent an alternately-encoded character x†, but char(120) has no special meaning in the application language’s context. An effective code-based defense against alternate encodings is difficult to implement in practice because it requires developers to consider of all of the possible encodings that could affect a given query string as it passes through the different application layers. Therefore, attackers have been very succe ssful in using alternate encodings to conceal their attack strings. Example: Because every type of attack could be represented using an alternate encoding, here we simply provide an example of how esoteric an alternativelyencoded attack could appear.In this attack, the following text is injected into the login field: â€Å"secret’; exec(0x73687574646f776e) – – †. The resulting query generated by the application is: SELECT * FROM user_info WHERE loginID=’secret’; exec(char(0x73687574646f776e)) — AND pass1=’’ This example makes use of the char() function and of ASCII hexadecimal encoding. The char() function takes as a parameter an integer or hexadecimal encoding of a character and returns an instance of that character. The stream of numbers in the second part of the injection is the 200 IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL. 11 No. , January 2011 ASCII hexadecimal encoding of the strin g â€Å"SHUTDOWN. † Therefore, when the query is interpreted by the database, it would result in the execution, by the database, of the SHUTDOWN command. References: [6] f. Deny Database service This attack used in the websites to issue a denial of service by shutting down the SQL Server. A powerful command recognized by SQL Server is SHUTDOWN WITH NOWAIT [19]. This causes the server to shutdown, immediately stopping the Windows service. After this command has been issued, the service must be manually restarted by the administrator. select password from user_info whereLoginId=';shutdown with nowait; –‘ and Password='0' The ‘–‘ character sequence is the ‘single line comment' sequence in Transact – SQL, and the ‘;' character denotes the end of one query and the beginning of another. If he has used the default sa account, or has acquired the required privileges, SQL server will shut down, and will require a restart in order to f unction again. This attack is used to stop the database service of a particular web application. Select * from user_info where LoginId=’1;xp_cmdshell ‘format c:/q /yes ‘; drop database mydb; –AND pass1 = 0 This command is used to format the C: drive used by the ttacker. 2. Related Work There are existing techniques that can be used to detect and prevent input manipulation vulnerabilities. 2. 1 Web Vulnerability Scanning Web vulnerability scanners crawl and scan for web vulnerabilities by using software agents. These tools perform attacks against web applications, usually in a black-box fashion, and detect vulnerabilities by observing the applications’ response to the attacks [18]. However, without exact knowledge about the internal structure of applications, a black-box approach might not have enough test cases to reveal existing vulnerabilities and also have alse positives. 2. 2 Intrusion Detection System (IDS) Valeur and colleagues [17] propose the use of an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect SQLIA. Their IDS system is based on a machine learning technique that is trained using a set of typical application queries. The technique builds models of the typical queries and then monitors the application at runtime to identify queries that do not match the model in that it builds expected query models and then checks dynamically-generated queries for compliance with the model. Their technique, however, like most techniques based on learning, can generate large umber of false positive in the absence of an optimal training set. Su and Wassermann [8] propose a solution to prevent SQLIAs by analyzing the parse tree of the statement, generating custom validation code, and wrapping the vulnerable statement in the validation code. They conducted a study using five real world web applications and applied their SQLCHECK wrapper to each application. They found that their wrapper stopped all of the SQLIAs in their attack set without g enerating any false positives. While their wrapper was effective in preventing SQLIAs with modern attack structures, we hope to shift the focus rom the structure of the attacks and onto removing the SQLIVs. 2. 3 Combined Static and Dynamic Analysis. AMNESIA is a model-based technique that combines static analysis and runtime monitoring [1][7]. In its static phase, AMNESIA uses static analysis to build models of the different types of queries an application can legally generate at each point of access to the database. In its dynamic phase, AMNESIA intercepts all queries before they are sent to the database and checks each query against the statically built models. Queries that violate the model are identified as SQLIA’s and prevented from executing on the database.In their evaluation, the authors have shown that this technique performs well against SQLIA’s. The primary limitation of this technique is that its success is dependent on the accuracy of its static analysis f or building query models. Certain types of code obfuscation or query development techniques could make this step less precise and result in both false positives and false negatives Livshits and Lam [16] use static analysis techniques to detect vulnerabilities in software. The basic approach is to use information flow techniques to detect when tainted input has been used to construct an SQL query. These ueries are then flagged as SQLIA vulnerabilities. The authors demonstrate the viability of their technique by using this approach to find security vulnerabilities in a benchmark suite. The primary limitation of this approach is that it can detect only known patterns of SQLIA’s and, IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL. 11 No. 1, January 2011 because it uses a conservative analysis and has limited support for untainting operations, can generate a relatively high amount of false positives. Wassermann and Su propose an approach that uses stati c analysis combined with automated reasoning to verify that he SQL queries generated in the application layer cannot contain a tautology [9]. The primary drawback of this technique is that its scope is limited to detecting and preventing tautologies and cannot detect other types of attacks. 3. Proposed Technique This Technique is used to detect and prevent SQLIA’s with runtime monitoring. The solution insights behind the technique are that for each application, when the login page is redirected to our checking page, it was to detect and prevent SQL Injection attacks without stopping legitimate accesses. Moreover, this technique proved to be efficient, imposing only a low overhead on the Web pplications. The contribution of this work is as follows: A new automated technique for preventing SQLIA’s where no code modification required, Webservice which has the functions of db_2_XMLGenrerator and XPATH_ Validator such that it is an XML query language to select specific part s of an XML document. XPATH is simply the ability to traverse nodes from XML and obtain information. It is used for the temporary storage of sensitive data’s from the database, Active Guard model is used to detect and prevent SQL Injection attacks. Service Detector model allow the Authenticated or legitimate user to access the web applications.The SQLIA’s are captured by altered logical flow of the application. Innovative technique (figure:1) monitors dynamically generated queries with Active Guard model and Service Detector model at runtime and check them for compliance. If the Data Comparison violates the model then it represents potential SQLIA’s and prevented from executing on the database. This proposed technique consists of two filtration models to prevent SQLIA’S. 1) Active Guard filtration model 2) Service Detector filtration model. The steps are summarized and then describe them in more detail in following sections. a. Active Guard Filtration Mod elActive Guard Filtration Model in application layer build a Susceptibility detector to detect and prevent the Susceptibility characters or Meta characters to prevent the malicious attacks from accessing the data’s from database. b. Service Detector Filtration Model Service Detector Filtration Model in application layer validates user input from XPATH_Validator where the Sensitive data’s are stored from the Database at second 201 level filtration model. The user input fields compare with the data existed in XPATH_Validator if it is identical then the Authenticated /legitimate user is allowed to proceed. c. Web Service LayerWeb service builds two types of execution process that are DB_2_Xml generator and XPATH_ Validator. DB_2_Xml generator is used to create a separate temporary storage of Xml document from database where the Sensitive data’s are stored in XPATH_ Validator, The user input field from the Service Detector compare with the data existed in XPATH_ Val idator, if the data’s are similar XPATH_ Validator send a flag with the count iterator value = 1 to the Service Detector by signifying the user data is valid. Procedures Executed in Active Guard Function stripQuotes(ByVal strWords) stripQuotes = Replace(strWords, â€Å"‘†, â€Å"†Ã¢â‚¬ ) Return stripQuotesEnd Function Function killChars(ByVal strWords) Dim arr1 As New ArrayList arr1. Add(â€Å"select†) arr1. Add(â€Å"–â€Å") arr1. Add(â€Å"drop†) arr1. Add(â€Å";†) arr1. Add(â€Å"insert†) arr1. Add(â€Å"delete†) arr1. Add(â€Å"xp_†) arr1. Add(â€Å"‘†) Dim i As Integer For i = 0 To arr1. Count – 1 strWords = Replace(strWords, arr1. Item(i), â€Å"†, , , CompareMethod. Text) Next Return strWords End Function IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL. 11 No. 1, January 2011 202 Figure 2: proposed Architecture Procedures Executed in Service D etector navi. Compile(â€Å"/Main_Tag/Details[LoginId='† & userName & â€Å"‘ and Password=† & Password & â€Å"]†) _Public Sub Db_2_XML() adapt=New SqlDataAdapter(â€Å"select LoginId,Password from user_info†, cn) Dim nodes As XPathNodeIterator = navi. Select(expr) Dim count2 As Integer = nodes. Count. ToString() Return count2 dst = New DataSet(â€Å"Main_Tag†) End Function adapt. Fill(dst, â€Å"Details†) dst. WriteXml(Server. MapPath(â€Å"XML_DATAXML_D ATA. xml†)) End Sub Procedures Executed in Web Service _ Public Function XPath_XML_Validation(ByVal userName As String, ByVal Password As Integer) As Integer Dim xpathdoc As New XPathDocument(Server. MapPath(â€Å"XML_DATAX ML_DATA. xml†)) Dim navi As XPathNavigator = xpathdoc. CreateNavigator() Dim expr As XPathExpression = . Identify hotspot This step performs a simple scanning of the application code to identify hotspots. Each hotspot will be verified with the Active Server to remove the susceptibility character the sample code (figure: 2) states two hotspots with a single query execution. (In . NET based applications, interactions with the database occur through calls to specific methods in the System. Data. Sqlclient namespace, 1 such as Sqlcommand- . ExecuteReader (String)) the hotspot is instrumented with monitor code, which matches dynamically generated queries against query models. If a generated query is matched with Active Guard, then it is onsidered an attack. 3. 1 Comparison of Data at Runtime Monitoring When a Web application fails to properly sanitize the parameters, which are passed to, dynamically created SQL statements (even when using parameterization techniques) it is possible for an attacker to alter the construction of back-end SQL statements. IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL. 11 No. 1, January 2011 When an attacker is able to modify an SQL statement, the statement will execute with t he same rights as the application user; when using the SQL server to execute commands that interact with the operating system, the rocess will run with the same permissions as the component that executed the command (e. g. , database server, application server, or Web server), which is often highly privileged. Current technique (Figure: 1) append with Active Guard, to validate the user input fields to detect the Meta character and prevent the malicious attacker. Transact-SQL statements will be prohibited directly from user input. For each hotspot, statically build a Susceptibility detector in Active Guard to check any malicious strings or characters append SQL tokens (SQL keywords and operators), delimiters, or string tokens to the legitimate command.Concurrently in Web service the DB_2_Xml Generator generates a XML document from database and stored in X_PATH Validator. Service Detector receive the validated user input from Active Guard and send through the protocol SOAP (Simple Obj ect Access Protocol) to the web service from the web service the user input data compare with XML_Validator if it is identical the XML_Validator send a flag as a iterator count value = 1 to Service Detector through the SOAP protocol then the legitimate/valid user is Authenticated to access the web application, If the data mismatches the XML_Validator send a flag as a count alue = 0 to Service Detector through the SOAP protocol then the illegitimate/invalid user is not Authenticated to access the web application. In figure 3: In the existing technique query validation occur to validate a Authenticated user and the user directly access the database but in the current technique, there is no query validation . From the Active Guard the validated user input fields compare with the Service Detector where the Sensitive data is stored, db_2_XML Generator is used to generate a XML file and initialize to the class XPATH document the instance Navigator is used to search by using cursor in the selected XML document.With in the XPATH validator, Compile is a method which is used to match the element with the existing document. The navigator will be created in the xpathdocument using select method result will be redirected to the XPATH node iterator. The node iterator count value may be 1 or 0, If the flag value result in Service Detector as 1 then the user consider as Legitimate user and allowed to access the web application as the same the flag value result in Service Detector as 0 then the user consider as Malicious user and reject/discard from accessing the web application If the script builds an SQL query by concatenating hard-coded trings together with a string entered by the user, As long as injected SQL code is syntactically correct, tampering cannot be detected programmatically. String concatenation is the primary point of entry for script injection Therefore, 203 we Compare all user input carefully with Service Detector (Second filtration model). If the user input and Sensitive data’s are identical then executes constructed SQL commands in the Application server. Existing techniques directly allows accessing the database in database server after the Query validation. Web Service Oriented XPATH Authentication Technique does not allow directly to ccess database in database server. 4. EVALUATIONS The proposed technique is deployed and tried few trial runs on the web server. Table 1: SQLIA’S Prevention Accuracy SQL Injection Types Unprotected Protected 1. TAUTOLOGIES Not Prevented Prevented 2. PIGGY BACKED QUERIES Not Prevented Prevented 3. STORED PROCEDURE Not Prevented Prevented 4. ALTERNATIVE ENCODING Not Prevented Prevented 5. UNION Not Prevented Prevented Table 2: Execution Time comparison for proposed technique Total Number of Entries in Database Execution Time in Millisecond Existing Proposed Technique Technique 1000 1640000 46000 2000 1420000 93000 3000 1040000 6000 4000 1210000 62000 5000 1670000 78000 6000 1390000 107000 T he above given table 2 illustrate the execution time taken for the proposed technique with the existing technique. 4. 1 SQLIA Prevention Accuracy Both the protected and unprotected web Applications are tested using different types of SQLIA’s; namely use of Tautologies, Union, Piggy-Backed Queries, Inserting additional SQL statements, Second-order SQL injection and various other SQLIA s. Table 1 shows that the proposed technique prevented all types of SQLIA s in all cases. The proposed technique is thus a secure and robust solution to defend against SQLIA’sIJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL. 11 No. 1, January 2011 204 4. 2 Execution Time at Runtime Validation The runtime validation incurs some overhead in terms of execution time at both the Web Service Oriented XPATH Authentication Technique and SQL-Query based Validation Technique. Taken a sample website ETransaction measured the extra computation time at the query validation, th is delay has been amplified in the graph (figure: 4 and figure:5) to distinguish between the Time delays using bar chart shows that the data validation in XML_Validator performs better than query validation.In Query validation(figure:5) the user input is generated as a query in script engine then it gets parsed in to separate tokens then the user input is compared with the statistical generated data if it is malicious generates error reporting. Web Service Oriented XPATH Authentication Technique (figure: 4) states that user input is generated as a query in script engine then it gets parsed in to separate tokens, and send through the protocol SOAP to Susceptibility Detector, then the validated user data is sequentially send to Service Detector through the protocol SOAP then the user input is ompared with the sensitive data, which is temporarily stored in dataset. If it is malicious data, it will be prevented otherwise the legitimate data is allowed to access the Web application. 5. C ONCLUSION SQL Injection Attacks attempts to modify the parameters of a Web-based application in order to alter the SQL statements that are parsed to retrieve data from the database. Any procedure that constructs SQL statements could potentially be vulnerable, as the diverse nature of SQL and the methods available for constructing it provide a wealth of coding options. 1800000 Execution time in Milli Sec 1600000 1400000 1200000 000000 Proposed Technique Existing Technique 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Total Number of Entries in Database Figure4: Execution Time comparison for proposed technique (data validation in X-path) with existing technique The primary form of SQL injection consists of direct insertion of code into parameters that are concatenated with SQL commands and executed. This technique is used to detect and prevent the SQLI flaw (Susceptibility characters & exploiting SQL commands) in Susceptibility Detector and prevent the Susceptibility att acker Web Service Oriented XPATH Authentication Technique hecks the user input with valid database which is stored separately in XPATH and do not affect database directly then the validated user input field is allowed to access the web application as well as used to improve the performance of the server side validation This proposed technique was able to suitably classify the attacks that performed on the applications without blocking legitimate accesses to the database (i. e. , the technique produced neither false positives nor false negatives). These results show that our technique represents a promising approach to countering SQLIA’s and motivate further work in this irection References [1] William G. J. 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In Proceedings of the 14th Usenix Security Symposium, pages 271–286, Aug. 2005. [17] F. Valeur and D. Mutz and G. Vigna â€Å"A Learning-Based Approach to the Detection of SQL Attacks,† In Proceedings of the Conference on Detection of Intrusions and Malware Vulnerability Assessment (DIMVA), July 20 05. [18] Kals, S. Kirda, E. , Kruegel, C. , and Jovanovic, N. 2006. SecuBat: a web vulnerability scanner. In Proceedings of the 205 15th International Conference on World Wide Web. WWW '06. ACM Press, pp. 247-256. [19] Sql injection – HSC Guides – Web App Security Written by Ethical Hacker sunday, 17 February 2008. http://sqlinjections. blogspot. com/2009/04/sql-injection-hscguides-web-app. html. Prof. E. Ramaraj is presently working as a Technology Advisor, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India on lien from Director, computer centre at Alagappa university, Karaikudi. He has 22 years teaching experience and 8 years esearch experience. He has presented research papers in more than 50 national and international conferences and published more than 55 papers in national and international journals. His research areas include Data mining, software engineering, database and network security. B. Indrani received the B. Sc. degree in Computer Science, in 2002; t he M. Sc. degree in Computer Science and Information Technology, in 2004. She had completed M. Phil. in Computer Science. She worked as a Research Assistant in Smart and Secure Environment Lab under IIT, Madras. Her current research interests include Database Security.